Any address can call the unguarded checkList() to overwrite any victim's s_theListCheckedOnce status at any time — including after Santa has confirmed them via checkTwice(). Once overwritten, the victim's status mappings fall into a mismatched state that collectPresent() cannot satisfy. Santa cannot restore the victim's eligibility without the attacker immediately overwriting it again. The attack costs only gas and can be sustained indefinitely via front-running.
The attack requires the unguarded checkList() (root cause shared with H-1) and the ability to front-run or simply call after Santa's checkTwice() transaction. It requires no capital and no special setup. However, it is a griefing attack with no direct financial gain for the attacker, making sustained execution less likely outside of targeted harassment or competitive scenarios.
SantasList is designed so that Santa performs two passes before a user can collect. checkTwice() is the final confirmation, protected by onlySanta. However, because checkList() is missing the onlySanta modifier, any address can overwrite s_theListCheckedOnce for any address at any time — including after Santa has already confirmed them.
Once the attacker calls checkList(victim, NAUGHTY) after Santa's checkTwice(victim, NICE), the state becomes:
collectPresent() requires both mappings to match (NICE+NICE or EXTRA_NICE+EXTRA_NICE). The mismatched state satisfies neither branch, causing a permanent revert.
Santa cannot rescue the victim. Calling checkTwice(victim, NICE) reverts with SecondCheckDoesntMatchFirst because s_theListCheckedOnce is now NAUGHTY. The only way Santa can avoid the revert is to call checkTwice(victim, NAUGHTY) — but that sets both mappings to NAUGHTY, and collectPresent() still reverts with NotNice.
This creates an infinite front-running loop where the attacker wins every round:
Likelihood:
Requires only calling the unguarded checkList() — no capital or setup needed
Sustainable indefinitely via front-running Santa's checkTwice() transactions
Any address can target any confirmed user at any point before they call collectPresent()
Impact:
Any legitimately confirmed user can be permanently prevented from collecting their present
Santa has no mechanism to restore a victim's eligibility while the attacker is active
Targeted harassment of specific users is trivially achievable at gas cost only
The following tests demonstrate the grief loop and Santa's inability to rescue the victim:
The root fix is adding onlySanta to checkList() (see H-1). This eliminates the attacker's ability to overwrite any address's status entirely.
Additionally, consider locking s_theListCheckedOnce for an address once checkTwice() has been called for them, preventing any further overwrites even by Santa after confirmation:
## Description With the current design of the protocol, anyone is able to call `checkList` function in SantasList contract, while documentation says only Santa should be able to call it. This can be considered as an access control vulnerability, because not only santa is allowed to make the first check. ## Vulnerability Details An attacker could simply call the external `checkList` function, passing as parameter the address of someone else and the enum Status `NAUGHTY`(or `NOT_CHECKED_TWICE`, which should actually be `UNKNOWN` given documentation). By doing that, Santa will not be able to execute `checkTwice` function correctly for `NICE` and `EXTRA_NICE` people. Indeed, if Santa first checked a user and assigned the status `NICE` or `EXTRA_NICE`, anyone is able to call `checkList` function again, and by doing so modify the status. This could result in Santa unable to execute the second check. Moreover, any malicious actor could check the mempool and front run Santa just before calling `checkTwice` function to check users. This would result in a major denial of service issue. ## Impact The impact of this vulnerability is HIGH as it results in a broken mechanism of the check list system. Any user could be declared `NAUGHTY` for the first check at any time, preventing present collecting by users although Santa considered the user as `NICE` or `EXTRA_NICE`. Santa could still call `checkList` function again to reassigned the status to `NICE` or `EXTRA_NICE` before calling `checkTwice` function, but any malicious actor could front run the call to `checkTwice` function. In this scenario, it would be impossible for Santa to actually double check a `NICE` or `EXTRA_NICE` user. ## Proof of Concept Just copy paste this test in SantasListTest contract : ``` function testDosAttack() external { vm.startPrank(makeAddr("attacker")); // any user can checList any address and assigned status to naughty // an attacker could front run Santa before the second check santasList.checkList(makeAddr("user"), SantasList.Status.NAUGHTY); vm.stopPrank(); vm.startPrank(santa); vm.expectRevert(); // Santa is unable to check twice the user santasList.checkTwice(makeAddr("user"), SantasList.Status.NICE); vm.stopPrank(); } ``` ## Recommendations I suggest to add the `onlySanta` modifier to `checkList` function. This will ensure the first check can only be done by Santa, and prevent DOS attack on the contract. With this modifier, specification will be respected : "In this contract Only Santa to take the following actions: - checkList: A function that changes an address to a new Status of NICE, EXTRA_NICE, NAUGHTY, or UNKNOWN on the original s_theListCheckedOnce list." The following code will resolve this access control issue, simply by adding `onlySanta` modifier: ``` function checkList(address person, Status status) external onlySanta { s_theListCheckedOnce[person] = status; emit CheckedOnce(person, status); } ``` No malicious actor is now able to front run Santa before `checkTwice` function call. The following tests shows that doing the first check for another user is impossible after adding `onlySanta` modifier: ``` function testDosResolved() external { vm.startPrank(makeAddr("attacker")); // checklist function call will revert if a user tries to execute the first check for another user vm.expectRevert(SantasList.SantasList__NotSanta.selector); santasList.checkList(makeAddr("user"), SantasList.Status.NAUGHTY); vm.stopPrank(); } ```
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